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Well, you know the Whomping Willow, said Ron. It - Trevor nelson apex bury st edmunds doesnt like being hit. Professor Flitwick brought it back just before you came around, said Hermione in a very small voice. Slowly, she reached down for a bag at her feet, turned it upside down, and tipped a dozen bits of splintered wood and twig onto the bed, the only remains of Harrys faithful, finally beaten broomstick. M CHAPTER TEN THE MARAUDERS MAP adam Pomfrey insisted on keeping Harry in the hospital wing for the rest of the weekend. He didnt argue or complain, but he wouldnt let her throw away the shattered remnants of his Nimbus Two Thousand. He knew he was being stupid, knew that the Nimbus was beyond repair, but Harry couldnt help it; he felt as though hed lost one of his best friends. He had a stream of visitors, all intent on cheering him up. Hagrid sent him a bunch of earwiggy flowers that looked like yellow cabbages, and Ginny Weasley, blushing furiously, turned up with a get-well card she had made herself, which sang shrilly unless Harry kept it shut under his bowl of fruit. The Gryffindor team visited again on Sunday morning, this time accompanied by Wood, who told Harry (in a hollow, dead sort of voice) that he didnt blame him in the slightest. Ron and Hermione left Harrys bedside only at night. But nothing visit web page said or did could make Harry feel any better, because they knew only half of what was troubling him. He hadnt told anyone about the Trevor nelson apex bury st edmunds, not even Ron and Hermione, because he knew Ron would panic and Hermione would scoff. The fact remained, however, that it had now appeared twice, and both appearances had been followed by near-fatal accidents; the first time, he had nearly been run over by the Knight Bus; the second, fallen fifty feet from his broomstick. Was the Grim going to haunt him until he actually died. Was he going to spend the rest of his life looking over his shoulder for the beast. And then there were the dementors. Harry felt sick and humiliated every time he thought of them. Everyone said the dementors were horrible, but no one else collapsed every time they went near one. No one else heard echoes in their head of their dying parents. Because Harry knew who that screaming voice belonged to now. He had heard her words, heard them over and over again during the night hours in the hospital wing while he lay awake, staring at the strips of moonlight on the ceiling. When the dementors approached him, he heard the last moments of his mothers life, her attempts to protect him, Harry, from Lord Voldemort, and Voldemorts laughter before he murdered her. Harry dozed fitfully, sinking into dreams full of clammy, rotted hands and petrified pleading, jerking awake to dwell again on his mothers voice. It was a relief to return to the noise and bustle of the main school on Monday, where he was forced to think about other things, even if he had to endure Draco Malfoys taunting. Malfoy was almost beside himself with glee at Gryffindors defeat. He had finally taken off his bandages, and celebrated having the full use of both arms again by doing spirited imitations of Harry falling off his broom. Malfoy spent much of their next Potions class doing dementor imitations across the dungeon; Ron finally cracked and flung a large, slippery crocodile heart at Malfoy, which hit him in the face and caused Snape to take fifty points from Gryffindor. If Snapes teaching Defense Against the Dark Arts again, Im skiving off, said Ron as they headed toward Lupins classroom after lunch. Check whos in there, Hermione. Hermione peered around the classroom door. Its okay. Professor Lupin was back at work. It certainly looked as though he had been ill. His old robes were hanging more loosely on him and there were dark shadows beneath his eyes; nevertheless, he smiled at the class as they took their seats, and they burst at once into an explosion of complaints about Snapes behavior while Lupin had been ill. Its not fair, he was only filling in, why should he give us homework. We dont know anything about werewolves - - two rolls of parchment. Did you tell Professor Snape we havent covered them yet. Lupin asked, frowning slightly. The babble broke out again. Yes, but he said we were really behind - - he wouldnt listen - - two rolls of parchment. Professor Lupin smiled at the look of indignation on every face. Dont worry. Ill speak to Professor Snape. You dont have to do the essay. Oh no, said Hermione, looking very disappointed. Ive already finished it. They had a very enjoyable lesson. Professor Lupin had brought along a glass box containing a hinkypunk, a little one-legged creature who looked as though he were made of wisps of smoke, rather frail and harmless-looking. Lures travelers into bogs, said Professor Lupin as they took notes. You notice the lantern dangling from his hand. Hops ahead - people follow the light - then - The hinkypunk made a horrible squelching noise against the glass. When something counter strike cases cost your bell rang, everyone gathered up their things and headed for the door, Harry among them, but - Wait a moment, Harry, Lupin called. Id like a word. Harry doubled back and watched Professor Lupin covering the hinkypunks box with a cloth. I heard about the match, said Lupin, turning back to his desk and starting to pile books into his briefcase, and Im sorry about your broomstick. Is there any chance of fixing it. No, said Harry. The tree smashed it to bits. Lupin sighed. They planted the Whomping Willow the same year that I arrived at Hogwarts. People used to play a game, trying to get near enough to touch the trunk. In the end, a boy called Davey Gudgeon nearly lost an eye, and we were forbidden to go near it. No broomstick would have a chance. Did you hear about the dementors too. said Harry with difficulty. Lupin looked at him quickly. Yes, I did. I dont think any of us have seen Professor Dumbledore that angry. They have been growing restless for some time. furious at his refusal to let them inside the grounds. I suppose they were the reason you fell. Yes, said Harry. He hesitated, and then the question he had to ask burst from him before he could stop himself. Why. Why do they affect me like that. Am I just -. It has nothing to do with weakness, said Professor Lupin sharply, as though he had read Harrys mind. The dementors affect you worse than the others because there are horrors in your past that the others dont have. A ray of wintery sunlight fell across the classroom, illuminating Lupins gray hairs and the lines on his young face. Dementors are among the foulest creatures that walk this earth. They infest the darkest, filthiest places, they glory in decay and despair, they drain peace, hope, and happiness out of the air around them. Even Muggles feel their presence, though they cant see them. Get too near a dementor and every good feeling, every happy memory will be sucked out of you. If it can, the dementor will feed on you long enough to reduce you to something like itself. soulless and evil. Youll be left with nothing but the worst experiences of your life. And the worst that happened to you, Harry, is enough to make anyone fall off their broom. You have nothing to feel ashamed of. When they get near me - Harry stared at Lupins desk, his throat tight. I can hear Voldemort murdering my mum. Lupin click at this page a sudden motion with his arm as though to grip Harrys shoulder, but thought better of it. There was a moments silence, then - Why did they have to come to the match. said Harry bitterly. Theyre getting hungry, said Lupin coolly, shutting his briefcase with a snap. Dumbledore wont let them into the school, so their supply of human prey has dried up. I dont think they could resist the large crowd around the Quidditch field. All that excitement. emotions running high. it was their idea of a feast. Azkaban must be terrible, Harry muttered. Lupin nodded grimly. The fortress is set on a tiny island, way out to sea, but they dont need walls and water to keep the prisoners in, not when theyre all trapped inside their own heads, incapable of a single cheerful thought. Most of them go mad within weeks. But Sirius Black escaped from them, Harry said slowly. He got away. Lupins briefcase slipped from the desk; he had to stoop quickly to catch it. Yes, he said, straightening up, Black must have found a way to fight them. I wouldnt have believed it possible. Dementors are supposed see more drain a wizard of his powers if he is left with them too long. You made that dementor on the train back off, said Harry suddenly. There are - certain defenses one can use, said Lupin. But there was only one dementor on the train. The more there are, the more difficult it becomes to resist. What defenses. said Harry at once. Can you teach me. I dont pretend to be an expert at fighting dementors, Harry. quite the contrary. But if the dementors come to another Quidditch match, I need to be able to fight them - Lupin looked into Harrys determined face, hesitated, then said, Well. all right. Ill try and help. But itll have to wait until next term, Im afraid. I have a lot to do before the holidays. I chose a very inconvenient time to fall ill. What with the promise of anti-dementor lessons from Lupin, the thought that he might never have to hear his mothers death again, https://rtsgames.cloud/rust-game/rust-game-new-update-pc.php the fact that Ravenclaw flattened Hufflepuff in their Quidditch match at the end of November, Harrys mood took a definite upturn. Gryffindor were not out of the running after all, although they could not afford to lose another match. Wood became repossessed of his manic energy, and worked his team as hard as ever in the chilly haze of rain that persisted into December. Harry saw no hint of a dementor within the grounds. Dumbledores anger seemed to be keeping them at their stations at article source entrances. Two weeks before the end of the term, the sky lightened suddenly to a dazzling, opaline white and the muddy grounds were revealed one morning covered in glittering frost. Inside the castle, there was a buzz of Christmas in the air. Professor Flitwick, the Charms teacher, had already decorated his classroom with shimmering lights that turned out to be real, fluttering fairies. The students were all happily discussing their plans for the holidays. Both Ron and Hermione had decided to remain at Hogwarts, and though Ron said it was because he couldnt stand two weeks with Percy, and Hermione insisted she needed to use the library, Harry wasnt fooled; they were doing it to keep him company, and he was very grateful. To everyones delight except Harrys, there was to be another Hogsmeade trip on the very last weekend of the term. We can do all our Christmas shopping there. said Hermione. Mum and Dad would really love those Toothflossing Stringmints pubg game download windows 10 free download english Honeydukes. Resigned to the fact that he would be the only third year staying behind again, Harry borrowed a copy of Which Broomstick from Wood, and decided to spend the day reading up on the different makes. He had been riding one of the school brooms at team practice, an ancient Shooting Star, which was very slow and jerky; he definitely needed a new broom of his own. On the Saturday morning of the Hogsmeade trip, Harry bid good-bye to Ron and Hermione, who expert merchants fallout 4 wiki wrapped in cloaks and scarves, then turned up the marble staircase alone, and headed back toward Gryffindor Tower. Snow had started to fall outside the windows, and the castle was very still and quiet. Psst - Harry. He turned, halfway along the third-floor corridor, to see Fred and George peering out at him from behind a statue of a humpbacked, one-eyed witch. What are you doing. said Harry curiously. How come youre not going to Hogsmeade. Weve come to give you a bit of festive cheer before we go, said Fred, with a mysterious wink. Come in here. He nodded toward an empty classroom to the left of the one-eyed statue. Harry followed Fred and George inside. George closed the door quietly and then turned, beaming, to look at Harry. Early Christmas present for you, Harry, he said. Fred pulled something from inside his cloak with a flourish and laid it on one of the desks. It was a large, square, very worn piece of parchment with nothing written on it. Harry, suspecting one of Fred and Georges jokes, stared at it. Whats that supposed to be. This, Harry, is the secret of our success, said George, patting the parchment fondly. Its a wrench, giving it to you, said Fred, but we decided last night, your needs greater than ours. Anyway, we know it by heart, said George. We bequeath it to you. We dont really need it anymore. And what do I need with a bit of old parchment. said Harry. A bit of old parchment. said Fred, closing his eyes with a grimace as though Harry had mortally offended him. Explain, George. Well. when we were in our first year, Harry - young, carefree, and innocent - Harry snorted. He doubted whether Fred and George had ever been innocent. - well, more innocent than we are now - we got into a spot of bother with Filch. We let off a Dungbomb in the corridor and it upset him for some reason - So he hauled us off to his office and started threatening us with the usual - - detention - - disembowelment - - and we couldnt help noticing a drawer in one of his filing cabinets marked Confiscated and Highly Dangerous. Dont tell me - said Harry, starting to grin. Well, what would youve done. said Fred. George caused a diversion by dropping another Dungbomb, I whipped the drawer open and grabbed - this. Its not as bad as it sounds, you know, said George. We dont reckon Filch ever found out how to work it. He probably suspected what it was, though, or he wouldnt have confiscated it. And you know how to work it. Oh yes, said Fred, smirking. This little южная осетия strike source v34 counter taught us more than all the teachers in this school. Youre winding me up, said Harry, looking at the ragged old bit of parchment. Oh, are we. said George. He took out his wand, touched the parchment lightly, and said, I solemnly swear that I am up to no good. And at once, thin ink lines began to spread like a spiders web from the point that Georges wand had touched. They joined each other, they crisscrossed, they fanned into every corner of the parchment; then words began to blossom across the top, great, curly green words, that proclaimed: Messrs. Moony, Wormtail, Padfoot, and ProngsPurveyors of Aids to Magical Mischief-Makersare proud to present THE MARAUDERS MAP It was a map showing every detail of the Hogwarts castle and grounds. But the truly remarkable thing were the tiny ink dots moving around it, each labeled with a name in minuscule writing. Astounded, Harry bent over it. A labeled dot in the top left corner showed that Professor Dumbledore was pacing his study; the caretakers cat, Mrs. Norris, was prowling the second floor; and Peeves the Poltergeist was currently bouncing around the trophy room. And as Harrys eyes traveled up and down the familiar corridors, he noticed something else. This map showed a set of passages he had never entered. And many of them seemed to lead - Right into See more, said Fred, tracing one of them with his finger. There are seven in all. Now, Filch knows about these four - he pointed them out - but were sure were the only ones who know about these. Dont bother with the one behind the mirror on the fourth floor. We used it until last winter, but its caved in - completely blocked. And we dont reckon anyones ever used this one, because the Whomping Willows planted right over the entrance. But this one here, this one leads right into the cellar of Honeydukes. Weve used it loads of times. And as you mightve noticed, the entrance is right outside this room, through that one-eyed old crones hump. Moony, Wormtail, Padfoot, and Prongs, sighed George, patting the heading of the map. We owe them so much. Noble men, working tirelessly to help a new generation of lawbreakers, said Fred solemnly. Right, said George briskly. Dont forget to wipe it after youve used it - - or anyone can read it, Fred said warningly. Just tap it again and say, Mischief managed. And itll go blank. So, young Harry, said Fred, in an uncanny impersonation of Percy, mind you behave yourself. See you in Honeydukes, said George, winking. They left the room, both smirking in Trevor nelson apex bury st edmunds satisfied sort of way. Harry stood there, gazing at the miraculous map. He watched the tiny ink Mrs. Norris turn left and pause to sniff at something on the floor. If Filch really didnt know. he wouldnt download quiz gate 3 free baldurs to pass the dementors at all. But even as he stood there, flooded with excitement, something Harry had once heard Mr. Weasley say came floating out of his memory. Never trust anything that can think for itself, if you cant see where it keeps its this web page. This map was one of those dangerous magical objects Mr. Weasley had been warning against. Aids for Magical Mischief-Makers. but then, Harry reasoned, he only wanted to use it to get into Hogsmeade, it wasnt as though he wanted to steal anything or attack anyone. and Fred and George had been using it for years without anything horrible happening. Harry traced the secret passage to Honeydukes with his finger. Then, quite suddenly, as though following orders, he rolled up the map, stuffed it inside his robes, and hurried to the door of the classroom. He opened it a couple of inches. There was no one outside. Very carefully, he edged out of the room and behind the statue of the one-eyed witch. What did he have to do. He pulled out the map again and saw, to his astonishment, that a new ink figure had appeared upon it, labeled Harry Potter. This figure was standing exactly where the real Harry was standing, about halfway down the third-floor corridor. Harry watched carefully. His little ink self appeared to be tapping the witch with his minute wand. Harry quickly took out his real wand and tapped the statue. Nothing happened. He looked back at the Trevor nelson apex bury st edmunds. The tiniest speech bubble had appeared next to his figure. The word inside said, Dissendium. Dissendium.
Since most of these seem to have been drawn from legends of the past, of Men as well as of Hobbits, and many while now meaningless to Hobbits closely resembled the names of Men in the Vale of Anduin, or in Dale, or in the Mark, I have turned them into those old names, largely of Frankish and Gothic origin, that are still used by us or are met in our histories. I have thus at any rate preserved the often comic contrast between the first-names and surnames, of which the Hobbits themselves were well aware. Names of classical origin have rarely been used; for the nearest equivalents to Latin and Greek in Shire-lore were the Elvish tongues, and these the Hobbits seldom used in nomenclature. Few of them at any time knew the languages of the kings, as they called them. The names of the Bucklanders were different from those of the rest of the Shire. The folk of the Marish and their offshoot across the Brandywine were in many ways peculiar, as has been told. It was from the former language of the southern Stoors, no doubt, that they inherited many of their very odd names. These I have usually left unaltered, for if queer now, they were queer in their own day. They had a style that we should perhaps feel vaguely to be Celtic. Since the survival of traces of the older language of the Stoors and the Bree-men resembled the survival of Celtic elements in England, I have sometimes imitated the latter in my translation. Thus Bree, Combe (Coomb), Archet, and Chetwood are modelled on relics of British nomenclature, chosen according to sense: bree hill chet wood. But only one personal name has been altered in this way. Meriadoc was chosen to fit the fact that this characters shortened name, Kali, meant in the Westron jolly, gay, though it was actually an abbreviation of the now unmeaning Buckland name Kalimac. I have not used names of Hebraic or similar origin in my transpositions. Nothing in Hobbit-names corresponds to this element in our names. Short names such as Sam, Tom, Tim, Mat were common as abbreviations of actual 1136 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS Hobbit-names, such as Tomba, Tolma, Matta, and the like. But Sam and his father Ham were really called Ban and Ran. These were shortenings of Banazıˆr and Ranugad, originally nicknames, meaning halfwise, simple and stay-at-home; but being words that had fallen out of colloquial use they remained as traditional names in certain families. I have therefore tried to preserve these features by using Samwise and Hamfast, modernizations of Baldurs gate 3 expansion game English samwı´s and ha´mfæst which corresponded closely in meaning. Having gone so far in my attempt to modernize and make familiar the language and names of Hobbits, I found myself involved in a further process. The Mannish languages that were related to the Westron should, it seemed to me, be turned into forms related to English. The language of Rohan I have accordingly made to resemble ancient English, since it was related both (more distantly) to the Common Speech, and (very closely) to the former tongue of the northern Hobbits, and was in comparison with the Westron archaic. In the Red Book it is noted in several places that when Hobbits heard the speech of Rohan they recognized many words and felt the language to be akin to their own, so that it seemed absurd to leave the recorded names and words of the Rohirrim in a wholly alien style. In several cases I have modernized the forms and spellings of place-names in Rohan: as in Dunharrow or Snowbourn; but I have not been consistent, for I have followed the Hobbits. They altered the names that they heard in the same way, if they were made of elements that they recognized, or if they resembled place-names in the Shire; but many they left alone, as I have done, for instance, in Edoras the courts. For the same reasons a few personal names have also been modernized, as Shadowfax and Wormtongue. 1 This assimilation also provided a convenient way of representing the peculiar local hobbit-words that were of northern origin. They have been given the forms that lost English words might well have had, if they had come down to our day. Thus mathom is meant to recall ancient English ma´thm, and so to represent the relationship of the actual Hobbit kast to R. kastu. Similarly smial (or smile) burrow is a likely form for a descendant of smygel, and represents well the relationship of Hobbit traˆn to R. trahan. Sme´agol and De´agol are equivalents made up in the same way for the names Trahald burrowing, worming in, and Nahald secret in the Northern tongues. The still more northerly language of Dale is in this book seen only in the names of the Dwarves that came from that region and so used the language of the Men there, taking their outer names in that tongue. It may be observed that in this book as in The Hobbit the form dwarves is used, although the dictionaries tell us that the plural of dwarf is dwarfs. It should be dwarrows (or dwerrows), if singular and plural had each https://rtsgames.cloud/call-duty/steamdb-deep-rock-galactic.php its own way down the years, as have man and men, or goose and geese. But we no longer speak of a dwarf as often as we do of a man, or even of a goose, and memories have 1 This linguistic procedure does not imply that the Rohirrim closely resembled the ancient English otherwise, in culture or art, in weapons or modes of warfare, except in a general way due to their circumstances: a simpler and more primitive people living pubg game exe contact with a higher and more venerable culture, and occupying lands that had once been part of its domain. A PP ENDIX F 1137 not been fresh enough among Men to keep hold of a special plural for a race now abandoned to folk-tales, where at least a shadow of truth is preserved, or at last to nonsense-stories in which they have become mere figures of fun. But in the Third Age something of their old character and power is still glimpsed, if already a little dimmed; these are the descendants of the Naugrim of the Elder Days, click the following article whose hearts still burns the ancient fire of Aule¨ the Smith, and the embers smoulder of their long grudge against the Elves; and in whose hands still lives the skill in work of stone that none have surpassed. It is to mark this that I have ventured to use the form dwarves, and remove them a little, perhaps, from the sillier tales of these latter days. Dwarrows would have been better; but I have used that form only in the name Dwarrowdelf, to represent the name of Moria in the Common Speech: Phurunargian. For that meant Dwarf-delving and yet was already a word of antique form. But Moria is an Elvish name, and given without love; for the Eldar, though they might at need, in their bitter wars with the Dark Power and his servants, contrive fortresses underground, were not dwellers in such places of choice. They were lovers of the green earth and the lights of heaven; and Moria in their tongue means the Black Chasm. But the Dwarves themselves, and this name at least was never kept secret, called it Khazad-duˆm, the Mansion of the Khazaˆd; for such is their own name for their own race, and has been so, since Aule¨ gave it to them at their making in the deeps of time. Elves has been used to translate both Quendi, the speakers, the Highelven name of all their kind, and Eldar, the name of the Three Kindreds that sought for the Undying Realm and came there at the beginning of Days (save the Sindar only). This old word was indeed the only one available, and was once fitted to apply to such memories of this people as Men preserved, or to the makings of Mens minds not wholly dissimilar. But it has been diminished, and to many it may now suggest fancies either pretty or silly, as unlike to the Quendi of old as are butterflies to the swift falcon not that any of the Quendi ever possessed wings of the body, as unnatural to them as to Men. They were a race high and beautiful, the older Children of the world, and among them the Eldar were as kings, who now are gone: the People of the Great Journey, the People of the Stars. They were tall, fair of skin and grey-eyed, though their locks were dark, save in the golden house of Finarfin;1 and their voices had more melodies than any mortal voice that now is heard. They were valiant, but the history of those that returned to Middle-earth in exile was grievous; and though it was in far-off days crossed by the fate of the Fathers, their fate is not that of Men. Their dominion passed long ago, and they dwell now beyond the circles of the world, rust game hacks do not return. Note on three names: Hobbit, Gamgee, and Brandywine. Hobbit is an invention. In the Westron the word used, when this people was referred to at all, was banakil halfling. But at this date the folk of the Shire and of Bree used the word kuduk, which was not found elsewhere. Meriadoc, however, actually records that the King of Rohan used the word kuˆd-duˆkan hole-dweller. Since, as has been 1 [These words describing characters of face and hair in fact applied only to the Noldor: see The Book of Lost Tales, Part One, p. ] 1138 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS noted, the Hobbits had once spoken a language closely related to that of the Rohirrim, it seems likely that kuduk was a worn-down form of kuˆd-duˆkan. The latter I have translated, for reasons explained, by holbytla; and hobbit provides a word that might well be a worn-down form of holbytla, if that name had occurred in our own ancient language. Gamgee. According to family tradition, set out in the Red Book, the surname Galbasi, or in reduced form Galpsi, came from the village of Galabas, popularly supposed to be derived from galab- game and an old element bas- more or less equivalent to our wick, wich. Gamwich (pronounced Gammidge) seemed therefore a very fair rendering. However, in reducing Gammidgy to Call of duty xbox game pass yearly, to represent Galpsi, no reference was intended to the connexion of Samwise with the family of Cotton, though a jest Baldurs gate 3 expansion game that kind would have been hobbit-like enough, had there been any warrant in their language. Cotton, in fact, represents Hlothran, a fairly common village-name in the Shire, derived from hloth, a two-roomed dwelling or hole, and ran(u) a small group of such dwellings on a hill-side. As a surname it may be an alteration of hlothram(a) cottager. Hlothram, which I have rendered Cotman, was the name of Farmer Cottons grandfather. Brandywine. The pubg pc requirements za of this river were alterations of the Elvish Baranduin (accented on and), derived from baran golden brown and duin (large) Baldurs gate 3 expansion game. Of Baranduin Brandywine seemed a natural corruption in modern times. Actually the older hobbit-name was Branda-nıˆn border-water, which would have been more closely rendered gate xp tables examples Marchbourn; but by a jest that had become habitual, referring again to its colour, at this time the river was usually called Bralda-hıˆm heady ale. It must be observed, however, that when the Oldbucks (Zaragamba) changed their name to Brandybuck (Brandagamba), the first element meant borderland, and Marchbuck would have been nearer. Only a very bold hobbit would have ventured to call the Master of Buckland Braldagamba in his Baldurs gate 3 expansion game. INDEX Compiled by Christina Scull Wayne G. Hammond This list has been compiled independent of that prepared by Nancy Smith and revised by Here. Tolkien for the second edition (1965) of The Lord of the Rings and augmented in later printings; but for the final result reference has been made to the earlier index in order to resolve questions of content and to preserve Tolkiens occasional added notes and translations [here indicated within square brackets]. We have also referred to the index that Tolkien himself began to prepare during 1954, but which he left unfinished after dealing only with place-names. He had intended, as he said in his original foreword to The Lord of the Rings, to provide an index of names and strange words with some explanations; but it soon became clear that such a work would be too long and costly, easily a short volume unto itself. (Tolkiens manuscript list of place-names informed his son Christophers indexes in The Silmarillion and Unfinished Tales, and is referred to also in the present authors The Lord of the Rings: A Readers Companion. ) Readers have long complained that the original index is too brief and fragmented for serious use. In the present work citations are given more comprehensively for names of persons, places, and things, and unusual (invented) words, mentioned or alluded to in the text (i. excluding the maps); and there is a single main sequence of entries, now preceded by a list of poems and songs by first line and a list of poems and phrases in languages other than English (Common Speech). Nonetheless, although this new index is greatly enlarged compared with its predecessor, some constraints on its length were necessary so that it might fit comfortably after the Appendices. Thus it has not been possible to index separately or to cross-reference every variation of every name in The Lord of the Rings (of which there are thousands), and we have had to be particularly selective when indexing Appendices D through F, concentrating on those names or terms that feature in the main text, and when subdividing entries by aspect. Primary entry elements have been chosen usually according to predominance in The Lord of the Rings, but sometimes based on familiarity or ease of reference: thus (for instance) predominant Nazguˆl rather than Ringwraiths or even less frequent Black Riders, and predominant and familiar Treebeard rather than Fangorn, with cross-references from (as they seem to us) the most important alternate terms. Names of bays, bridges, fords, gates, towers, vales, etc.
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